Accounting

The balanced scorecard extends accounting's traditional financial measures with operational and strategic metrics, co-developed by accounting academic Robert S. Kaplan.

As WorldCom's chief executive, Bernard Ebbers directed the accounting fraud that improperly capitalized billions of dollars in operating expenses, and was convicted in 2005 for his role.

Calisto Tanzi founded Parmalat and was convicted of embezzling roughly 800 million euros from the company before its 2003 collapse, making his case a standard accounting practice reference on financial statement fraud.

The 2001 collapse of Enron, enabled by off-balance-sheet accounting and audit failures, became accounting practice's defining case study in fraud and drove the Sarbanes-Oxley Act's overhaul of financial reporting requirements.

Accountancy is named among the industry's own core components (alongside investment banking, investment management and personal asset management), so the discipline that produces financial statements and audits sits inside the sector it makes possible.

HealthSouth's founder and senior executives were found by the SEC in 2003 to have fraudulently inflated the company's reported earnings over several years, one of the largest accounting frauds prosecuted in United States corporate history.

As Enron's chairman and chief executive, Kenneth Lay presided over the accounting practices, including off balance sheet partnerships, that led to Enron's collapse and became a defining case study in accounting fraud.

Traditionally credited as the father of accounting for the first printed description of double-entry bookkeeping.

Parmalat's 2003 collapse, after a purported four billion euro bank account was found not to exist, is Europe's largest bankruptcy caused by accounting fraud and is often called Europe's Enron.

The Operation Car Wash scandal forced Petrobras to release audited financial statements admitting nearly 17 billion dollars in write downs tied to graft and overvalued assets, making it a standard accounting practice case in financial statement fraud and auditor failure.

QuickBooks is small-business accounting software used to perform the bookkeeping and financial-record functions central to accounting practice.

Robert S. Kaplan, a Harvard Business School accounting professor, co-developed the Balanced Scorecard framework with David Norton, extending accounting practice into strategic performance measurement.

Satyam's chairman confessed in 2009 to years of falsified accounts inflating reported profits, a scandal often called India's Enron that reshaped Indian corporate governance and auditing rules.

The Toshiba 2015 admission that it had overstated profits by more than a billion dollars over several years is a defining accounting-fraud case in earnings-management practice.

TurboTax is consumer tax-preparation software applying the tax-filing procedures accounting practice defines, for individual filers.

The Tyco International 2002 scandal, in which executives were convicted of falsifying financial records to conceal unauthorized bonuses and loans, is an accounting-practice case study in financial-statement fraud.

Wirecard's 2020 collapse, after auditors could not verify roughly 1.9 billion euros supposedly held in trust accounts, is one of Europe's largest accounting fraud cases and prompted reform of German financial audit oversight.

WorldCom's 2002 disclosure that it had improperly capitalized billions of dollars in operating expenses is, alongside Enron, one of the two defining accounting-fraud cases that drove the Sarbanes-Oxley Act's overhaul of financial reporting.

The early-2000s Xerox restatement of several years of earnings, after the SEC found it had accelerated equipment-lease revenue recognition, is a standard accounting-practice case study in revenue-recognition fraud.