Bankruptcies and Collapses

Named events in which a company filed for bankruptcy protection, ceased operating as a going concern, or collapsed outright, including formal Chapter 11 reorganizations, liquidations and sudden operational or financial collapses that ended a company's independent existence. Belongs here: any event whose defining act is a company's financial failure or cessation as an independent business. Does not belong here: a fraud or accounting scandal that may have caused the collapse, grouped under Corporate Fraud and Financial Scandals, unless the entity's own name and scope center on a normal insolvency rather than the underlying deception.