Management Theories
Expectancy Theory
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Victor Vroom's 1964 theory that motivation is a product of expectancy, instrumentality and valence: a person's belief that effort leads to performance, that performance leads to reward, and how much that reward is personally valued. In management practice it implies rewards should be tied closely and visibly to performance, and that training which strengthens an employee's confidence that effort actually improves outcomes raises motivation in its own right.
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Core ClaimAn individual chooses how to behave based on the expected result of that behavior: motivational force is a function of expectancy (belief that effort produces performance), instrumentality (belief that performance yields reward) and valence (how much the individual values that reward). 1 Cross-Tradition Connections
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