Mass customization is a business model that uses flexible, computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce goods tailored to individual customer specifications while keeping costs close to those of standard mass production, combining the efficiency of mass manufacturing with the variety of custom-made goods. The term was coined by Stan Davis in his 1987 book Future Perfect, building on ideas anticipated by Alvin Toffler in his 1970 book Future Shock, and the approach was developed further and popularized in a business-strategy context by B. Joseph Pine II in his 1993 book Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition.
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